Der Stadt Rom boden und circk-sammpt der muren und porten/wie sie gestanden ist vor zeiten do sie noch in irer herzlichkeit war

Title

Der Stadt Rom boden und circk-sammpt der muren und porten/wie sie gestanden ist vor zeiten do sie noch in irer herzlichkeit war

Description

Map shows Rome and surroundings, with description right and left.

ca. 1550

Artist

Münster (1489-1552)

Sebastian Münsters (1489-1552) is one of the famous cosmographers of the Renaissance. Its real importance in the field of cartography is based on its famous cosmography, which he published in 1544 with 24 double-sided maps (including Moscow and Transylvania). The material for this came largely from research and the collection of information from around 1528, which he initially only wanted to use for a description of Germany, but was now sufficient for a map of the entire world and ultimately led to a cosmography. He constantly tried to improve this work, i.e. to replace or add to maps. In the edition of 1550, only 14 maps were taken over from the earlier editions. The 52 maps printed in the text were also only partially based on the old maps. The great success of this cosmography was also based on the precise work of the woodcuts mostly by Hans Holbein the Younger, Urs Graf, Hans Rudolph Deutsch and David Kandel. It was the first scientific and at the same time generally understandable description of the knowledge of the world in German, in which the basics of history and geography, astronomy and natural sciences, regional and folklore were summarized according to the state of knowledge at that time. Cosmography is the science of describing the earth and the universe. Until the late Middle Ages, geography, geology and astronomy were also part of it. The first edition of the Cosmographia took place in 1544 in German, printed in Heinrich Petri's office in Basel. Heinrich Petri was a son from the first marriage of Münster's wife to the Basel printer Adam Petri. Over half of all editions up to 1628 were also published in German. However, the work has also been published in Latin, French, Czech and Italian. The English editions all comprised only a part of the complete work. Viktor Hantzsch identified a total of 46 editions in 1898 (German 27; Latin 8; French 3; Italian 3; Czech 1) that appeared from 1544 to 1650, while Karl Heinz Burmeister only had 36 (German 21; Latin 5; French 6; Italian 3; Czech 1) that appeared between 1544 and 1628. The first edition from 1544 was followed by the second edition in 1545, the third in 1546, the fourth edition in 1548 and the fifth edition in 1550, each supplemented by new reports and details, text images, city views and maps and revised altogether. Little has been known about who - apart from the book printers Heinrich Petri and Sebastian Henricpetri - were responsible for the new editions after Münster's death. The 1628 edition was edited and expanded by the Basel theologian Wolfgang Meyer. With Cosmographia, Sebastian Münster has published for the first time a joint work by learned historians and artists, by publishers, wood cutters and engravers. The numerous vedute are usually made as woodcuts. Sebastian Münster obtained his knowledge from the travel reports and stories of various scholars, geographers, cartographers and sea travelers. Long after his death, "Kosmographie" was still a popular work with large editions: 27 German, 8 Latin, 3 French, 4 English and even 1 Czech editions appeared. The last edition appeared in Basel in 1650.

Historical Description

According to the founding legend, Rome was founded by Romulus in 753 BC. According to this legend, Romulus later killed his twin brother Remus when the latter was amused by the city wall built by Romulus. According to the legend, the twins were the children of the god Mars and the vestal virgin Rhea Silvia. They were abandoned on the Tiber, suckled by a she-wolf and then found and raised by the shepherd Faustulus on the Velabrum below the Palatine. At the beginning of its history, according to later tradition, Rome was a kingdom; Titus Livius names Numa Pompilius as the first of the - largely legendary - successors of Romulus. Although Rome could hardly resist an invasion by the Celts in 390 B.C., the city nevertheless expanded steadily thereafter. To protect it from further invasions, the Servian Wall was built. In 312 BC, the first aqueduct was built and the Via Appia was constructed. By the 1st century AD, Rome was already a city of millions and both the geographical and political center of the Roman Empire. Under the rule of the Flavian dynasty (69-96 AD), extensive building activities began, financed by the emperors. These new public buildings include some of the most famous monuments such as the Colosseum and part of the Imperial Forums. Large thermal complexes, such as those built by Caracalla and Diocletian in the 3rd century, which even included libraries, had become an integral part of urban Roman life. Obsessed with the idea of surpassing their predecessors, the emperors built ever larger structures, such as the basilica of Maxentius. This is sometimes considered an indication of an incipient decline of the empire, but it shows above all that Rome was still the most important stage for rulerly self-expression until the early 4th century. Furthermore, the Aurelian Wall was built in the late 3rd century, as the city had long since outgrown the confines of the Servian Wall. After the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476, however, large urban facilities such as the Baths of Diocletian and the Colosseum were initially maintained; despite declining population, ancient life continued. In 550, the last chariot races took place in the Circus Maximus. Since Pippin, Rome gained new importance as the capital of the Papal States (Patrimonium Petri) and as the most important place of pilgrimage for Christianity, along with Jerusalem and Santiago de Compostela. The tomb of the Apostle Paul, who was executed after the burning of Rome under Nero in 64, and numerous other relics, which the Catholic Church believed to be directly in Rome, promised pilgrims extraordinary graces and indulgences during the Holy Years from 1300 onwards. In particular, the assumption that Simon Peter was executed together with Paul and buried in Rome contributed to this. This assumption is extremely controversial among historians to this day. In Christian times, many important buildings were built which consisted mainly of churches, these still characterize the Roman cityscape. But also new streets with sight lines, palaces and squares with fountains and obelisks. Rome has remained in this state until today, which is why the Roman Old Town is one of the two World Heritage Sites in the city of Rome, along with the Vatican.