not titel

  • Translation

Article ID EUD1686

Title

not titel

Description

Very detailed map shows the part of Bavaria noth of Regensburg with Dietfurth, Berching, Neumarkt, Schwandorf ect.

Year

ca. 1590

Artist

Apian (1531-1589)

Philipp Apian (1531 - 1589) was a South German mathematician, physician, cartographer and heraldist. Born in Ingolstadt, Philipp Apian was the fourth child of the mathematician, astronomer and cartographer Peter Apian from Leisnig in Saxony. At a young age he received lessons from Prince Albrecht, later Duke of Bavaria, who would later become his important patron. At the age of eleven he began studying mathematics at the University of Ingolstadt; at 18 he continued his studies in Burgundy, Paris and Bourges. After his return in 1552, Philipp Apian took over his father's print shop. At the age of 21, he had already become a professor of mathematics and astronomy at the University of Ingolstadt. Until the end of his life, Apian devoted himself to completing his topographical work. In 1554, Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria commissioned Apian to map Bavaria. It was to supplement the first map of Bavaria by Johannes Aventinus. For seven years, Apian traveled through Upper and Lower Bavaria, the Upper Palatinate, the Archbishopric and High Abbey of Salzburg, and the Bishopric of Eichstätt, conducting land surveys. In doing so, he used astronomical positioning, surveyed bussol trains, and applied a type of graphic triangulation. Distances were measured on foot or on horseback. After two years of work, he produced a map measuring a good 6 × 6 meters at a scale of 1:45,000, which was colored by the painter Bartel Refinger. The map, completed in 1563, was a unique piece that was not reproduced and was kept in the library of the Residenz. It showed much finer details than the maps. In the middle of the 18th century, the engineer lieutenant Franz Xaver Pusch made a replica of the Great Map. When he died in 1782, the original Great Map, by then badly damaged, was burned. Pusch's replica burned during bombing raids near the end of World War II. In 1566, Philipp Apian had Jost Amman make woodcuts at a smaller scale of 1:144,000 based on the "large map". These so-called Bairische Landtafeln, divided into 24 woodcuts, were published by Apian in his own printing house in Ingolstadt. The accuracy of the maps, which for the first time depicted all of Upper and Lower Bavaria in detail, was not surpassed until the 19th century, Napoleon was still using them for his invasion of Bavaria. An original print of the map can be seen in the Ingolstadt City Museum; the printing blocks are now in the Bavarian National Museum in Munich.

Historical Description

The existence of a Bavarian tribal duchy has been documented since 555, which became part of the Frankish domain under the Merovingians. From 1180 to 1918 Bavaria was ruled by the Wittelsbachers as a territorial duchy. Bavaria experienced a period of numerous divisions into individual duchies from 1255 to 1503. Shortly before the first reunification, Ludwig IV. In 1328 became the first Wittelsbacher to become emperor, which meant a new high point in power for Bavaria. At the same time, however, the prince-archbishopric of Salzburg finally separated from the mother country Bavaria. In 1429, after the Straubing-Holland line became extinct, the Duchy of Bavaria-Straubing was divided between the Munich, Ingolstadt and Landshut lines. In 1447, Bavaria-Ingolstadt fell to Bavaria-Landshut, which in turn was won by Bavaria-Munich in the War of Succession in Landshut in 1503. The division of the country came to an end through the Primogenitur Act of Duke Albrecht IV of 1506. Bavaria took a leading position in the Counter-Reformation and emerged from the Thirty Years' War with territorial gains and the rise to the Electorate. In 1620, the troops of the Catholic League, under the leadership of the Bavarian general Tilly, defeated the Protestants in the Battle of the White Mountains near Prague. Then Tilly had the Palatinate occupied. As a thank you, Maximilian I received the electoral title in 1623 and the Upper Palatinate he occupied as war compensation in 1628. After the war, Elector Ferdinand Maria devoted himself to the reconstruction of the devastated country and pursued a cautious neutrality policy. During the War of the Spanish and Austrian Succession and in the course of Maximilian II. Emanuel's great power policy and later his son Karl Albrecht, Austria was twice temporarily occupied by absolutist Bavaria. In 1705 the Bavarian people rose against the imperial occupation. Only the battle of Aidenbach on January 8, 1706 ended with the complete defeat of the popular uprising. After Karl Albrecht's coronation, large parts of the electorate were occupied again until 1744. Karl Albrecht's son Maximilian III. Joseph finally ended the great power policy of his predecessors in 1745 and devoted himself to internal reforms. After the extinction of the old Bavarian line of the Wittelsbacher, the double electorate of Kurpfalz-Bavaria was created in 1777 under the reign of the Elector Karl Theodor from the Palatinate line of the Wittelsbacher. At the time of Napoleon, Bavaria was initially on the side of France and was able to record large territorial gains through secularization and mediatization. Salzburg, Tyrol, Vorarlberg and the Innviertel region, which was lost in 1779, fell temporarily to Bavaria. In the Peace of Pressburg, which was concluded on December 26, 1805 between France and the German Emperor Franz II, Bavaria, allied with Napoleon, was proclaimed a kingdom. King Max I. Joseph's Minister Maximilian Graf von Montgelas is considered the creator of the modern Bavarian state. In 1806 Napoleon Bonaparte elevated Bavaria to a kingdom. At the Vienna Congress in 1814, Bavaria was able to retain a large part of the area's profits as a victorious power, including what was now northern Bavaria, parts of Swabia and the Palatinate. In 1918 the Wittelsbach monarchy collapsed in the November Revolution. King Ludwig I, who had ruled since 1825, developed the Bavarian capital Munich into an art and university city. After the occupation by American troops, Bavaria became part of the newly founded Federal Republic in 1949.

Dimensions (cm)31,5 x 42,5
ConditionVery good
Coloringoriginal colored
TechniqueCopper print

Reproduction:

67.50 €

( A reproduction can be ordered individually on request. )