Australien und Polynesien.

Title

Australien und Polynesien.

Description

Map shows the Pacific Ocean with parts of China, Southeast Asia, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia and North America. Furthermore, a partial map with the southeast of Australia including Tasmania and an elevation map of some Australian and Polynesian mountains.

ca. 1860

Artist

Perthes (1749-1816)

Johann Georg Justus Perthes ( 1749- 1816) was a German bookseller and publisher. Justus Perthes was the son of the Rudolstadt court physician Johann Justus Perthes. After training as a merchant, he obtained employment in the bookshop of Carl Wilhelm Ettinger in Gotha. Together with the latter and his later brother-in-law Friedrich Duerfeldt, he founded a company in 1778 to continue Ettinger's bookshop on his own. In September 1785, he founded Justus Perthes' Verlagsbuchhandlung, which from then on produced and distributed the Gothaische Genealogische Hofkalender, first published in 1763 and published by Ettinger, and its French edition, the Almanach de Gotha. Thanks to Perthes, the reference work soon known throughout Europe as "Der Gotha" was transformed from a calendar of the Enlightenment to an encyclopedia of the nobility with a diplomatic-statistical state handbook. In 1815, Perthes, together with the cartographers Adolf Stieler and Christian Gottlieb Reichard, planned the publication of an atlas, which was to be distinguished by "convenient format, the greatest possible accuracy, clarity and completeness, yet practical selection, uniformity of projection and scale, beautiful paper, good printing, careful illumination, and a reasonable price" and expand the publisher's program. In 1816, the year of Perthes' death, the first edition of Stieler's Hand-Atlas was published, which established the worldwide reputation of Justus Perthes' Geographical (Publishing) Institute Gotha - which only came into being after Perthes' death.

Historical Description

Oceania is the name for the island world of the Pacific north and east of the continent of Australia. In English, the term transoceania is also used. This term originated mainly for economic reasons in Australia and New Zealand and describes an area from northern Australia via Indonesia to the southern border of the Philippines and the far west of the Pacific islands. The term "South Sea" was coined in 1513 by Vasco Núñez de Balboa, when he had crossed the isthmus of Panama and called the sea (Pacific) in front of him Mar del sur (South Sea), as he was facing south from his location looked. Central island groups are the Society Islands (French Polynesia / Tahiti), the Samoa Archipelago and the Fiji Islands. In November 1520 Ferdinand Magellan, coming from the Strait of Magellan, reached the Pacific or the Pacific Ocean while circumnavigating the world. He called it Mar Pacifico (Portuguese and Spanish for Peaceful Seas) because the storms that had accompanied it until then subsided. Despite this name, there are also violent storms and cyclones in the Pacific, which are called typhoon or hurricane depending on the region. The spirit of discovery of the 16th century is decisive for numerous expeditions. The first focus is on exploring a western route across the Pacific to the rich trading centers of Asia. Later, mainly Spanish and Portuguese adventurers search for the hypothetical southern continent Terra Australis Incognita or hope to find legendary riches such as the mines of King Solomon. Due to inadequate navigation techniques, some of the island groups discovered, e.g. B. the Solomon Islands, cannot be found again and fell into oblivion. At the end of the 16th century, the Dutch began exploring Oceania too. In the 17th century there is still a lot undiscovered in the Pacific and, above all, the stories of those returning home from Paradise attract more and more sailors. The motivation to travel to new worlds is great, but goes hand in hand with the greed for the pristine natural resources of the new world. The church is meanwhile worried about the "mixing" with the heathen peoples, but is nevertheless interested in the salvation of the "savages". She reacts by publicly discrediting the fornication with the inhabitants and delegating missionaries to assist with the trips. In the 18th century there were less and less available on undiscovered islands, but circumnavigators like Louis Antoine de Bougainville, James Cook and others still found some unexplored areas. In addition, some of the discoveries made in the 16th century were forgotten again. Some now set about mapping the islands using modern means. In the 18th century, mapping continued and imperialism is beginning to take effect. Foreign island groups are increasingly being divided up among the great powers. The colonization of the South Pacific is becoming a race. Above all, Germans, British, French, Dutch and Americans fight over every island. At the end of the 19th century, the Spanish-American War led to a wild castling of the colonial territories.