Alexandria

Title

Alexandria

Description

Detailed and decorative total view of Alexandria in Egypt, as bird´s eye view

ca. 1574

Artist

Braun/Hogenberg (1572-1618)

Frans Hogenberg (1535 – 1590) was a Flemish and German painter, engraver, and mapmaker. Hogenberg was born in Mechelen as the son of Nicolaas Hogenberg In 1568 he was banned from Antwerp by the Duke of Alva. He travelled to London, where he stayed a few years before emigrating to Cologne. He is known for portraits and topographical views as well as historical allegories. He also produced scenes of contemporary historical events. George Braun (1541-1622), a cleric of Cologne, was the principal editor of the "Civitates Orbis Terrarum". The first volume of the Civitates Orbis Terrarum was published in Cologne in 1572. The sixth and the final volume appeared in 1617. This great city atlas, edited by Georg Braun and largely engraved by Franz Hogenberg, eventually contained 546 prospects, bird-eye views and map views of cities from all over the world. Braun (1541-1622), a cleric of Cologne, was the principal editor of the work, and was greatly assisted in his project by the close, and continued interest of Abraham Ortelius, whose Theatrum Orbis Terrarum of 1570 was, as a systematic and comprehensive collection of maps of uniform style, the first true atlas.

Historical Description

The first settlement of today's city area probably took place between 2700 and 2200 BC.[331 BC The general and Macedonian king Alexander the Great founded Alexandria on the site of the Egyptian settlement of Rachotis (Raqote), whereby he himself determined the location of the marketplace and the main traffic axes. Alexandria was built according to plans by the Greek architect Deinokrates. Only after Alexander's death, under Ptolemy II between 285 and 246 BC, was Alexandria completed to the planned extent, but between 320 and 311 it became the residence city of the Ptolemaic kings and retained this function until the end of the Ptolemaic Empire. The polis of Alexandria was not formally considered part of Egypt, but was always referred to as “Alexandria near Egypt” for centuries; this only changed in Roman times. n its heyday from 300 BC to 400 AD, Alexandria was an economic, intellectual and political center of the eastern Mediterranean, even under Roman rule. Famous buildings such as the Pharos lighthouse, the Museion with its great library and numerous theaters, palaces and temples made the city famous throughout the ancient Mediterranean. Around 30 BC, the city was conquered by Octavian and the city - like all of Egypt - was incorporated into the Imperium Romanum. After the conquest of Egypt by the Persian Sassanid Empire in 619, Ostrom/Byzantium was able to regain the land in 629, but in 642 after the conquest of Egypt, the city became a part of the Roman Empire. The anarchic conditions in the Middle Ages are reflected in the changing dynasties that were the sultans of Egypt at the time. At the same time, Alexandria was an intellectual center for Muslim scholars from East and West. The Mamluks retained the internal administration of Egypt even after the Ottoman conquest in 1517, but the expansion of the Ottoman Empire made European trade with India and China more difficult, leading to the exploration and establishment of the sea route to India. With the loss of the lucrative land transportation from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, the importance of the port of Alexandria diminished. In addition, Egypt as an Ottoman province fell into general stagnation under Mamluk rule. As a result, the former metropolis of Alexandria became an insignificant small town. Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Alexandria in 1798 during his Egyptian expedition, conquered the city and defeated the Mamluks. After the weakness of the Mamelukes and the Ottoman Empire had become apparent, Muhammad Ali Pasha, commander of the Ottoman Empire's Albanian Guard in Egypt, seized control of the province. Under his rule, Egypt's first modern shipyard was built at the port of Alexandria.